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Fringe theatre is theatre that is experimental in style or subject matter.〔http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fringe-theatre〕 The term comes from the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.〔Kemp, Robert, ''More that is Fresh in Drama'', Edinburgh Evening News, 14 August 1948〕 In London, the Fringe is the term given to small scale theatres, many of them located above pubs, and the equivalent to New York's Off-Off-Broadway theatres and Europe's "free theater" groups.〔 In unjuried theatre festivals, all submissions are accepted and the participating acts may be chosen by lottery, in contrast to juried festivals in which acts are selected based on their artistic qualities. Unjuried festivals (e.g., Edinburgh Festival Fringe and Adelaide Fringe Festival, and Fringe World) permit artists to perform a wide variety of works. ==History== The term was founded in the 1940s, when eight theatre companies showed up at the Edinburgh International Festival, hoping to gain recognition from the mass gathering at the festival. Robert Kemp, a Scottish journalist and playwright, described the situation, "Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!".〔 Edinburgh Festival Fringe was founded in 1947. The first movement in Britain started in the 1960s, and is considered similar to the United States' Off-Off-Broadway theatres and Europe's "free theater" groups.〔 The term came into use in the late 1950s, and the show ''Beyond the Fringe'' premiered in Edinburgh in 1960, before transferring to Broadway and West End.〔 Some of the early innovators in fringe theatre were an American bookseller, James Haynes, who in 1963, created the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh. Also noted in this period is the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, Jerzy Grotowski's Theatre of 13 Rows, and Józef Szajna's Studio Theatre in Warsaw.〔 Haynes, while at the helm of the Traverse, was receiving state support and even got a new theatre in 1969. In 1969, Haynes created the Arts Lab in London, but it only lasted for two years. Peter Brook along with another American Charles Marowitz opened the Open Space Theatre on Tottenham Court Road in London in 1968. Young British writers, after the May 1968 events in France, wrote agitprop plays, including David Hare, Howard Brenton, David Edgar.〔 Meanwhile, in the United States, experimental theatre was growing due to the political protest of the Vietnam War. The Living Theatre, founded by Julian Beck, is considered the leader of the "flower power" and "hippie" movement.〔 By the early 1970s, many fringe theatres began to receive small subsidies. After the 1973–74 stock market crash, many fringe companies were forced to close. New playwrights were established at the Bush Theatre and King's Head Theatre, both of whom survived the crash. 7:84 and Red Ladder Theatre Company were some of the surviving touring fringe groups.〔 Fringe theatres were attractive to people in the 1960s due to their adventurousness, became less wild in the 1970s while the standards of production rose.〔 In 1982 the first fringe festival in North America was started in Edmonton, Alberta. It was then a theatre component of the larger Summerfest, but evolved to become a stand-alone event. The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, one of the largest annual arts events in Canada and still the largest fringe in North America by attendance. The oldest fringe festival in the United States is Orlando, FL, founded in 1992. There are more fringe festivals in North America than any other continent. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fringe theatre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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